stand English · revision 3470

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 725 (Beowulf)|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /stænd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|standen]], [[inh|ang|standan|t=to occupy a place; stand firm; continue; resist]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) past tense stōd,^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[gem-pro|*standaną]],^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) formed with a nasal suffix from the base of simpler forms such as Dutch [[m|nl|staan]] and German [[m|de|stehen]].^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) Its cognates include [[osx|standan]], [[goh|stantan]] and [[non|standa]],^(SOED 2002)^(MWU 2024) and Gothic has standan.^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) Watkins traces it to [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|alt=*stā-|t=to stand]],^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) the root also of Latin [[m|la|stāre|t=to stand]] and Greek [[m|grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to cause to stand]].^(MW Collegiate)^(SOED 2002) It is related to [[stead]] and [[stool]].^(SOED 2002)^(Cresswell 2021) The noun is partly a continuation of Old English [[m|ang|stand|t=a pause, delay]].^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To be upright on one's feet, to occupy a place: Old English ''standan'', past participle ''gestanden'' in ''Beowulf'', about 725.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ “To exist, be present” is from about 1300, and “to cost” from the mid-14th century, compare Latin [[m|la|cōnstāre]], the source of [[cost]].^(Etymonline) ''Stand back'' is from the late 14th century.^(Etymonline) “To become a candidate for office” is from the 1550s.^(Etymonline) “To encounter without flinching” is from the 1590s, “to endure, come through” from about 1600, and the weaker “to put up with” by the 1620s.^(Etymonline) “To pay for as a treat” is from 1821.^(Etymonline) The noun meant a place of standing in late Middle English, a holding of one's ground against an enemy from the 1590s, a platform for spectators from the 1610s, a piece of furniture to set things on from the 1690s, and a stall or booth from about 1500.^(Etymonline) A growth of trees is a ''stand'' by 1868 in American English, and a stop on a touring performance from 1895.^(Etymonline) ''Stand down'' is from the 1680s, of witnesses in court.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 725 – Old English ''standan'' (''Beowulf'').^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1300 – to exist.^(Etymonline)

+ * mid-14th century – to cost.^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1500 – noun, a stall.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1550s – to be a candidate.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1590s – noun, a defensive stand.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1610s – noun, a grandstand.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1821 – to pay for as a treat.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1868 – noun, a stand of trees.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1895 – noun, a stop on a tour.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be or rise to an upright position on the feet.^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # To be placed or situated; to remain upright or in force.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # To put up with; to [[tolerate]]; to [[withstand]].^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # To be a candidate: ''stand for election''.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # To pay for, as a treat: ''stand someone a drink''.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # To have a position or opinion: ''where do you stand?''^(AHD)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # An act of standing; a halt or standstill.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # A defensive effort or a firm position on an issue: ''take a stand''.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A stall or booth for selling goods.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A raised structure for spectators; a [[witness stand]].^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A small table or rack on which things are placed.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A group of growing trees or plants.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stander]]

+ * [[bedstand]]

+ * [[bookstand]]

+ * [[cabstand]]

+ * [[candlestand]]

+ * [[handstand]]

+ * [[hardstand]]

+ * [[headstand]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stance]]

+ * [[stanza]]

+ * [[stead]]

+ * [[stool]]

+ * [[stud]]

+ * [[stage]]

+ * [[state]]

+ * [[static]]

+ * [[station]]

+ * [[understand]]

+ * [[withstand]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate ''stand'', “an open tub, a barrel set on end”, from Middle Low German or Flemish ''stande'', is recorded from about 1250 and survives in dialect.^(SOED 2002)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}