cumulate Latin · revision 34671

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la cumulus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cumulātē''' (comparative ''cumulātius'', superlative ''cumulātissimē''); adverb^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|cumulātus|-ē]],^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) the participle of [[m|la|cumulō|t=to heap up]], from [[m|la|cumulus|t=heap]].^(Köbler 2010)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) De Vaan derives the noun from [[itc-pro|*kumo-]] and [[ine-pro|*ḱuh₁-mo-|t=heap]], cognate with [[grc|κῦμα|tr=kûma|t=wave]], while noting that the short /u/ needs explaining.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it in the ''Verrines'' and has the comparative ''cumulātius'' and the superlative ''cumulātissimē''.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is used of giving, thanking or repaying in full measure: Cicero worries that he may thank his hearers ''parum cumulātē'', too sparingly for their services, and says that a friend has repaid him ''cumulātissimē''.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Pliny the Younger joins it with ''prōlixē'', amply.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ In the Medieval Latin of Hungary it came to mean greatly, very much,^(LLMAeH) and in that of Poland also amply or zealously.^(eLexicon Polonorum)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of thanking and repaying in full measure.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 15th century – Polish Latin sources use it of acting zealously.^(eLexicon Polonorum)

+ * 1523 – A Hungarian source has the superlative ''cumulātissimē'', in very great measure.^(LLMAeH)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|abundantly|alt=Abundantly]], [[m|en|copiously]], in full measure.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Greatly, very much; zealously.^(LLMAeH)^(eLexicon Polonorum)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cumulātus]]

+ * [[cumulō]]

+ * [[cumulus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}