induresco Latin · revision 34666

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=la dūrus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''indūrēscō''' (present infinitive indūrēscere, perfect active indūruī); third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Wiktionary analyses it as [[af|la|in-|dūrēscō|t2=to harden]];^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) the OLD as a formation from [[m|la|in-]], [[m|la|dūrus|t=hard]] and the inchoative suffix [[m|la|-ēscō]].^(OLD 2012) De Vaan derives the adjective from [[itc-pro|*dūro-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in Virgil, who in the ''Georgics'' writes of an icicle hardening in a beard, ''stīria indūruit horrida barbīs''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of things it means to become hard or to set: Ovid of a twig turned hard at the touch of a head, Celsus of a drop and Columella of a field.^(OLD 2012) Ovid uses it of his own body grown tough through hardship, and Columella of a calf grown strong.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Figuratively it means to become fixed: Seneca and Quintilian use it of faults becoming set before they can be corrected, and Tacitus says that the common soldiers had become hardened in their loyalty to Vitellius, ''indūruerat prō Vitelliō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short call it a post-Augustan word.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL lists Spanish [[m|es|endurecer]] as its descendant.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of an icicle forming.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of a body grown tough.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of a fault becoming fixed.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of soldiers set in their loyalty.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To become [[m|en|hard]], [[m|en|harden]], set.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of a person or body, to become tough or robust.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Of habits, to become firmly established; of a person, to become set in one's ways.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To become [[m|en|inflexible]] in an attitude or purpose.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrus]]

+ * [[dūrēscō]]

+ * [[obdūrēscō]]

+ * [[indūrō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}