effrenus Latin · revision 34569

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Augustan age (Virgil, Livy)|origins=la frēnum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛfˈfreː.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [efˈfrɛː.nus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''effrēnus''' (feminine effrēna, neuter effrēnum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ A third-declension form ''effrēnis'' occurs in Pliny the Elder and Seneca.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|frēnum|t2=bridle]], with the adjective ending ⟨-us⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|frēnum]] to [[itc-pro|*frēno-]] and [[ine-pro|*dʰr-eh₁-no-|t=holding]], but discusses other proposals: Ernout and Meillet's link with [[m|la|frendō|t=to gnash]], which he finds possible but not straightforward, and Walde and Hofmann's link with [[m|la|frētus|t=relying on]], which he prefers.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short find it no earlier than the Augustan writers, mostly in poetry, where it stands for [[effrēnātus]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler records it first in Livy,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it literally: the master of the horse orders the bridles taken off the horses and, spurring on, charges on an unbridled horse, ''effrēnō equō''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its figurative use, of people not held in check, appears in Virgil's ''gens effrēna virum'', an unruly race of men.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of feelings and actions it means unrestrained: Ovid has ''effrēnō captus amōre'', seized by unbridled love, and Statius speaks of unbridled youth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Seneca uses the form ''effrēnis'' of rabid, unbridled passion.^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The late panegyrists still use it, of the Moors and of horses frantic with pain.^(Georges 1913) Köbler also records it in medieval charters and glosses.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil calls a people ''effrēna'', unruly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of a horse without a bridle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid writes of unbridled love.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses the form ''effrēnis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a horse, [[m|en|unbridled]], not controlled by reins.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Of people, [[m|en|unruly]], [[m|en|headstrong]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # Of feelings and actions, unrestrained, [[m|en|uncontrolled]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frēnum]]

+ * [[effrēnātus]]

+ * [[īnfrēnus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}