chalybs Latin · revision 34528

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Propertius (57/46–12 BC)|origins=grc χάλυψ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkʰa.lyps]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkaː.libs]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chalybs''' ''m'' (genitive chalybis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''calibs''.^(Wiktionary) Ribbeck prints ''chalyps'' in Virgil.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|χάλυψ|tr=khálups|t=steel, hardened iron]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Saalfeld 1874)^(Wiktionary) Köbler calls the further origin of the Greek word unclear;^(Köbler 2010) Wiktionary takes it from [[hit|kikliba]] or [[m|hit|kikluba]] “steel”, and derives from the Greek noun the name of the Chalybes.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It appears in the Augustan poets: Propertius speaks of something harder than iron and steel, and Virgil of wounding steel melting in a vast furnace.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler's earliest source is Lucan.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its hardness made it a byword in poetry.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) By metonymy it named things made of steel: a sword in Seneca, a horse's bit and the point of an arrow in Lucan, and in Silius Italicus a hot iron for torture, missiles and grappling irons.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) The OLD takes it as a nail in a passage of Lucan where L&S has an iron rail.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 57/46–12 BC – Propertius names it with iron as a hard metal.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil describes steel melting in the furnace.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it for a sword.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 39–65 AD – Lucan uses it for a bit and an arrowhead.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 25–101 AD – Silius Italicus uses it for torture irons and grappling irons.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|steel|alt=Steel]], hardened [[m|en|iron]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(metonymy)'' A steel weapon: a [[m|en|sword]], an [[m|en|arrowhead]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(metonymy)'' Other things of steel: a horse's [[m|en|bit]], a nail, a hot iron for [[m|en|torture]], grappling irons.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chalybēïus]]

+ * [[Chalybes]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Chalybs'' was also the name of a river in Spain, in Celtiberia according to Georges, who adds that its water was said to harden iron into steel,^(Georges 1913) and in Lusitania according to L&S.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}