adiuro Latin · revision 34525

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la iūs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [adˈjuː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [adˈjuː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''adiūrō''' (present infinitive adiūrāre, perfect active adiūrāvī, supine adiūrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ad-|iūrō|t2=to swear]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[m|la|iūs#2|t=law, oath]], from which [[m|la|iūrō]] was formed as a denominative verb, [[itc-pro|*jowes-ā-je-]];^(de Vaan 2008) Old Latin has the third person ⟨iouvesat⟩ “swears” in the Duenos inscription.^(de Vaan 2008) He traces [[m|la|iūs#2]] to an s-stem going back to [[ine-pro|*h₂oi-u|t=vital force, eternity]].^(de Vaan 2008) Ancient commentators on Virgil explained the prefix as a mere addition to [[m|la|iūrō]] or as meaning “very”;^(TLL) Servius also reports that some reserved the compound for swearing that something was not so.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Plautus on.^(de Vaan 2008) In the ''Amphitruo'' a character demands that the other “swear besides” that he did not mean what he said (''adiuret insuper nolle esse dicta'').^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it means to affirm something on oath, with an accusative and infinitive, with ''ut'' or absolutely, in Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Livy, Suetonius and Statius.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Livy also uses it of swearing something in addition to the common oath of all citizens.^(Georges 1913) With a direct object it means to swear by a person or thing: Catullus swears by a head, and Virgil by the head of the Stygian spring.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ In later Latin it came to mean to put someone under oath, and to entreat someone earnestly, as in Lactantius, Vopiscus and the Vulgate.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Christian writers such as Minucius Felix and Lactantius use it of adjuring demons by the name of God, that is, of exorcising them.^(Georges 1913)^(TLL) In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to adjure or swear.^(Stelten 1995) From it English took ''adjure'' in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of affirming something on oath.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it with ''per omnis deos''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of swearing by the Stygian spring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–317 AD – Lactantius uses it of adjuring demons by God.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of putting under oath and of entreating.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English borrows it as ''adjure''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|affirm]] with an oath, to [[m|en|swear]] (that something is so); to swear in addition.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # To swear by (a god, a person or thing).^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' To put under oath; to [[m|en|entreat]] earnestly, [[m|en|conjure]].^(TLL)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To [[m|en|adjure]] (demons), to [[m|en|exorcise]].^(Georges 1913)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[adiūrāmentum]]

+ * [[adiūrātiō]]

+ * [[adiūrātor]]

+ * [[adiūrātōrius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[abiūrō]]

+ * [[coniūrō]]

+ * [[dēierō]]

+ * [[ēiūrō]]

+ * [[iniūrō]]

+ * [[iūreiūrō]]

+ * [[obiūrō]]

+ * [[pēierō]]

+ * [[en|adjure]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Georges notes a different word ''adiūrō'', an old contracted form of the future perfect ''adiūverō'' of [[adiuvo|alt=adiuvō]].^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}