hortatus Latin · revision 34517

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰer-i-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [hɔrˈtaː.tʊs], [hɔrˈtaː.tuːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [orˈtaː.tus], [orˈtaː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hortātus''' ''m'' (genitive hortātūs); fourth declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|hortor|-tus|t1=to urge, encourage]], an action noun.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan explains [[m|la|hortor]] as a frequentative of [[m|la|horior]], attested in Ennius; it is based on a participle ⟨*hortus⟩ or syncopated from ⟨horitāre⟩, also found once in Ennius.^(de Vaan 2008) He traces [[m|la|horior]] to [[itc-pro|*χerj-]] and a present [[ine-pro|*ǵʰer-i-]], whose meaning he gives as “to enjoy”, from “to be excited”.^(de Vaan 2008) He compares [[osc|herest|t=to want]] and [[grc|χαίρω|tr=khaírō|t=to be glad]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who in the ''Pro Archia'' says his voice was shaped by this man's encouragement and teaching (''huius hortatu praeceptisque conformata'').^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means encouragement or exhortation.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In classical prose it occurs only in the ablative singular, ''hortatu'', “at the urging” of someone, from Cicero and Caesar on;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) the poets use the ablative plural from Ovid on, and other case forms appear from Statius and Tacitus.^(TLL) Silius Italicus has it with an objective genitive, an incitement to glory, and Macrobius uses the dative.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The grammarian Charisius lists it among synonyms.^(TLL) Köbler lists its use in medieval capitularies and church councils.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the ablative ''hortatu''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar writes ''suorum omnium hortatu'', “at the urging of all his men”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses the plural.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius uses other case forms.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|encouragement|alt=Encouragement]], [[m|en|exhortation]], incitement.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horior]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Gaffiot also lists ''hortātus'' as the perfect participle of [[hortor]], “having encouraged”.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}