exprobratio Latin · revision 34498

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=190–159 BC, Terence|origins=ine-pro *pro-bʰr-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛk.sproːˈbraː.ti.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ek.sproˈbrat.t͡si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exprōbrātiō''' ''f'' (genitive exprōbrātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Often written ''exprobātiō''.^(TLL)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|exprōbrō|-tiō|t1=to reproach, upbraid]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) That verb is made from [[m|la|ex-]] and [[m|la|probrum|t=shameful act, reproach]],^(Wiktionary) which de Vaan explains as an old adjective, [[itc-pro|*pro-fr-o-]], from [[ine-pro|*pro-bʰr-o-|t=what is brought up (against someone)]], with the root “to bring”.^(de Vaan 2008) He compares Avestan [[m|ae|fra-bar-|t=to bring, offer]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Terence,^(de Vaan 2008) whose ''Andria'' has ''istaec commemoratio quasi exprobratio est immemoris beneficii'', “such a reminder is almost a reproach for a forgotten kindness”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is the act of reproaching, and with a genitive a reproach for something:^(OLD 2012) Livy has ''exprobratio veteris fortunae'', a taunt about someone's former condition, and Justin a reproach of cruelty and of boyish fickleness.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Seneca contrasts it with admonition: admonition breeds weariness, reproach hatred.^(Conte 2010) Lewis & Short note that Cicero does not use it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Medieval writers in Britain use it for reproach, and one text glosses it with Middle English ''upbrud''.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence calls a reminder of a kindness almost a reproach.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of a taunt about past fortune.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca contrasts reproach with admonition.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act of reproaching; [[m|en|reproach]], [[m|en|upbraiding]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with a genitive)'' A reproach arising from or about something, a [[m|en|taunt]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[exprōbrō]]

+ * [[probrum]]

+ * [[opprobrium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}