exubero Latin · revision 34497

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=170–c. 90 BC, Accius|origins=la ūber}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈsuː.bɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzuː.be.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exūberō''' (present infinitive exūberāre, perfect active exūberāvī, supine exūberātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''exsubero'' and ''exhubero'' in manuscripts.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|ūberō]], a compound of the verb made from [[m|la|ūber|t=udder; abundant]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan lists it under the noun, which goes back to [[itc-pro|*ouþ-r-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₁ouHdʰ-r|t=udder]]; the adjective ⟨ūber⟩ “abundant” is mostly explained as the noun used adjectivally, though Sihler posits an i-stem meaning “abundant”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ The noun is cognate with [[grc|οὖθαρ|tr=oûthar|t=udder]], [[sa|ऊधर्|tr=ū́dhar|t=udder]] and [[ang|ūder|t=udder]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Accius,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ''sub eo saxo exuberans scatebra'', a spring welling up under that rock.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense, of liquids, is to flow copiously or gush up: Virgil has a river foaming high, ''alte spumis exuberat amnis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) More generally it is to be abundant or fruitful: Virgil uses it of shade spreading with a luxuriance of leaves and of a year rich in fruit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Tacitus says that eloquence wells up and overflows from much learning, Gellius uses it of a body grown immoderately, and Suetonius of profit.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Columella uses it transitively, to make abundant,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Tertullian has it for outnumbering: the Scythians exceed the Persians.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) The participle ''exuberans'' means superfluous in Quintilian.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Ecclesiastical dictionaries give it as abound, make full.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it of a gushing spring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a foaming river and of abundant fruit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it transitively, to make abundant.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of overflowing eloquence.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian uses it in the sense “to outnumber”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(of liquids)'' To flow copiously, [[m|en|gush]] up, [[m|en|overflow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # To be abundant, [[m|en|abound]]; to be fruitful, grow luxuriantly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To make abundant.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Late Latin, transitive)'' To exceed in number, [[m|en|outnumber]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exūberantia]]

+ * [[exuberatio]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ūber]]

+ * [[ūbertās]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}