hara Latin · revision 34488

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈha.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈaː.ra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hara''' ''f'' (genitive harae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Manuscripts have both ''hara'' and ''ara''.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Priscian distinguishes it from ''āra'' “altar” by its short first syllable and its ⟨h⟩.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is unknown.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD and the TLL compare [[cohors]], and the TLL also [[hortus]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Walde and Hofmann derived it, like the first of these, from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰer-|t=to grab]], and Köbler follows them;^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) de Vaan rejects this, since the preform would have given ⟨hora⟩ in Latin.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who uses it of a pen for animals and, in the ''Mostellaria'', has ''hara suis'', “pigsty”, as a term of abuse.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a small enclosure for domestic animals or poultry,^(OLD 2012) such as the goose pen of Varro and Columella,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and above all a pigsty.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) In the speech against Piso, Cicero addresses his opponent as ''Epicūre noster, ex harā prōducte, nōn ex scholā'', “our Epicurus, brought out of a pigsty, not out of a school”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ Medieval writers in Britain use it of the pigsty in town laws and accounts, and in verses that contrast ''ăra porcōrum'', the sty, with ''āra deōrum'', the altar of the gods.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of an animal pen and as a term of abuse.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it in his work on farming.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of a goose pen and a pigsty.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it figuratively against Piso.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A small [[m|en|pen]] or [[m|en|coop]] for domestic animals or poultry.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|pigsty]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(DMLBS)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A term of abuse for a filthy person.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Donatus, commenting on Terence, derived [[haruspex]] from ''hariga'' “victim”, which he took from ''hara'', the pen in which the victim was kept.^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}