rudo Latin · revision 34464

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 180–102 BC, Lucilius|origins=ine-pro *HrewdH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈruː.doː], [ˈrʊ.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈruː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rū̆dō''' (present infinitive rū̆dere, perfect active rū̆dīvī, supine rū̆dītum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Persius has the first syllable long, ''rūdere''.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ Virgil has the genitive plural participle ''rudentum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[inh|ine-pro|*HrewdH-|t=to weep]].^(Wiktionary) The OLD and Georges compare [[lt|raudóti]] and [[goh|riozan|t=to lament]],^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and Wiktionary [[sa|रोदिति|tr=róditi|t=to cry, weep]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists the verb among the words built on a root [[ine-pro|*(H)ru-|t=to roar]], to which different consonants were added in the different branches.^(de Vaan 2008) Lewis and Short compare [[grc|ὠρύω|tr=ōrúō]] and Latin [[m|la|raucus|t=hoarse]] and [[m|la|rāvis|t=hoarseness]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The vowel of the first syllable varies.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) According to Weiss, as reported by Wiktionary, the short ⟨u⟩ may have been generalised from the zero grade of an old athematic present, while the long ⟨ū⟩ may come from the full grade or be a lengthening that imitates the braying of donkeys.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first quotation is in Lucilius, who uses it of an orator bellowing from the Rostra: ''haec inquam rudet ex rostris''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Varro uses it of the braying of asses,^(OLD 2012) and this became its most common use: Ovid has the braying of the ass at the mill and Pliny the Elder a bird so afraid of an ass's braying that it throws out its eggs.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil uses it of roaring lions and of stags, Claudian of bears.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Virgil also uses it of Cacus roaring under the weapons of Hercules, and of a prow that creaks as it turns.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) In the ''Metamorphoses'' Apuleius has the perfect ''rudīvī'', “I brayed”.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of an orator.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of asses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of lions, stags and a creaking prow.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 34–62 AD – Persius scans the verb with a long ⟨ū⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(of animals)'' To [[m|en|roar]], [[m|en|bellow]]: of lions, stags, bears.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(of asses)'' To [[m|en|bray]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(of people)'' To roar, shout loudly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(of things)'' To [[m|en|creak]] loudly.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rū̆dītus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[raucus]]

+ * [[rāvis]]

+ * [[rūgiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}