ingratiis Latin · revision 34424

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷrH-to-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋˈɡraː.ti.iːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈɡrat.t͡si.is]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ingrātiīs''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ Also contracted ''ingrātīs''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ In the comic poets the word has four syllables, and the contracted form is not securely attested before Lucretius.^(TLL)

+ Manuscripts of Plautus also have the spelling ''ingratieis''.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|in-|grātia|t1=not, un-|t2=favour, goodwill, thanks]] in the ablative plural,^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) so literally “without thanks”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Wiktionary takes it as the ablative plural of the noun [[m|la|ingrātia|t=thanklessness]].^(Wiktionary) Leumann, as reported by de Vaan, even regards the simple noun as secondary, made from the negative one.^(de Vaan 2008) The simple noun belongs to the adjective [[m|la|grātus|t=pleasing, grateful]], which de Vaan traces to [[itc-pro|*gʷrāto-|t=grateful]] and [[ine-pro|*gʷrH-to-|t=praised (in a song)]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[osc|brateis|t=of grace, mercy]] and [[sa|गृणाति|tr=gr̥ṇā́ti|t=to praise, honour, welcome]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Plautus, Terence, Scipio the Younger and Cicero on.^(TLL) In the ''Amphitruo'' a speaker complains that his master's immoderation has had him roused at this hour of night against his will (''hoc noctis … ingratiis excitavit'').^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With a genitive or a possessive adjective it means “against the will of”: Plautus has ''amborum ingratiis'', “against the will of both”, and ''tuis ingratiis'', “against your will”.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Used alone it refers either to someone forced to do or suffer something, or to the subject acting reluctantly: Terence has ''ingratiis ut dormiam'', “so that I sleep in spite of myself”, and Cicero says that people will gladly keep quiet what they can and say what they must ''ingratiis'', unwillingly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis 1890) Lucretius uses the contracted form of seeds that must fall ''ingratis'', by necessity.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Later it occurs in Nepos, Gellius, Fronto and Apuleius.^(OLD 2012) A scholiast on Terence counts it among the adverbs, and glossaries explain it as ''sine voluntate'', “without willing”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it, with and without a genitive.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of someone acting against his own will.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has the contracted ''ingratis''.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in the Verrines.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius has ''ingratiis nostris'', “against our will”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(with a genitive or possessive adjective)'' [[m|en|against|alt=Against]] the will of, in [[m|en|despite]] of.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(used alone)'' [[m|en|unwillingly|alt=Unwillingly]], against one's will; under [[m|en|compulsion]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Lewis 1890)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grātia]]

+ * [[ingrātus]]

+ * [[grātus]]

+ * [[grātīs]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}