malevolentia Latin · revision 34413

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la malevolēns}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ma.ɫɛ.wɔˈɫɛn.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ma.le.voˈlɛn.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''malevolentia''' ''f'' (genitive malevolentiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''malivolentia''.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ According to the TLL, editions favour ''mali-'' in Cicero's speeches and ''male-'' in his letters, and a glossary prescribes ''mali-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|malevolēns|-ia|t1=ill-disposed, spiteful]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The adjective is a compound of [[m|la|male|t=badly]] and [[m|la|volēns|t=wishing]], the present participle of [[m|la|volō#1|t=to want, wish]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) and is paired with [[m|la|benevolēns|t=well-disposed]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero;^(Köbler 2010) an earlier instance in Plautus stands in a passage the TLL regards as spurious.^(TLL) Cicero gives the Stoic definition: ''malevolentia'' is pleasure taken in another's misfortune without any gain to oneself.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means ill will, spite or malevolence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero pairs it with ''obtrectatio'', disparagement, and speaks of a mind not tinged with ill will towards others;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Sallust joins it with ''invidia'', envy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Seneca speaks of offering ill will something to bite on.^(TLL) Christian writers keep the word: Augustine speaks of the devil's malevolence and of a malevolence and urge to harm implanted in evil spirits.^(TLL)

+

+ Medieval writers in Britain use it of ill will in general, and in records of the king's displeasure: a pipe roll of 1168 records a payment for peace from the king's ill will, and a record of 1200 has a pardon of all ill will towards some men.^(DMLBS) English took it over in the mid-15th century as [[m|en|malevolence]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero defines it as pleasure in another's misfortune.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust pairs it with envy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 354–430 AD – Augustine uses it of the devil.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1168 – A pipe roll mentions a payment for peace from the king's ill will.^(DMLBS)

+ * mid-15th century – English borrows it as [[m|en|malevolence]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|ill will|alt=Ill will]], [[m|en|spite]], [[m|en|malevolence]]; dislike, envy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Stoic philosophy)'' Pleasure in another's misfortune, [[m|en|schadenfreude]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[malevolēns]]

+ * [[malevolus]]

+ * [[benevolentia]]

+ * [[malitia]]

+ * [[malignitās]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes it from two near-synonyms: ''malitia'' is the baseness shown in a love of lying and deceiving, ''malignitas'' the selfish ill will that grudges others any good, and ''malevolentia'' the ill will that wishes harm to another out of personal aversion and takes pleasure in his misfortunes.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}