hate English · revision 3441

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 899 (Alfred)|origins=ine-pro *keh₂d-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /heɪt/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb is [[inh|enm|haten]], [[inh|ang|hatian|t=to regard with extreme ill will; to treat as an enemy]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002) from [[gem-pro|*hatōną]].^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) Its cognates include [[ofs|hatia]], [[osx|hatōn]], [[nl|haten]], [[de|hassen]] and [[non|hata]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002)^(Klein 1966) and Gothic has hatan.^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) Etymonline traces it to [[ine-pro|*keh₂d-|alt=*kad-|t=sorrow, hatred]], comparing Greek [[m|grc|κῆδος|tr=kêdos|t=care, sorrow, mourning]] and Welsh [[m|cy|cas|t=pain, anger]].^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(MWU 2024) The noun is Old English [[m|ang|hete|t=hatred, malice]], altered in Middle English to match the verb,^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) and the SOED and Hoad see influence from Old Norse [[m|non|hatr]].^(SOED 2002)^(Hoad 1986) French [[m|fr|haine]] and [[m|fr|haïr]] are from Germanic.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To regard with extreme dislike: Old English ''hatian'', before 899, in Alfred's translation of Gregory's ''Pastoral Care'',^(Barnhart 1988) or about 897.^(OED 1989) The noun, about 825.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ “To dislike greatly, be averse to doing something”, as in ''I hate to say it'', is from 1297.^(OED 1989) An object of hatred, ''a pet hate'', is from 1592 in poetry.^(OED 1989)^(HTOED) In the First World War a bombardment was jocularly a ''hate'', from 1914,^(OED 1989) and attributive uses for things designed to stir up hatred, as in ''hate campaign'', are from 1916.^(OED 1989) ''Hate mail'' is first attested in 1951, ''hate crime'' by 1988 and ''hate speech'' in its modern use by 1990.^(Etymonline) Etymonline notes that ''hate-speech'' appears earlier in an 1898 translation of the Old English poem on the fall of the angels, rendering Old English hetespræce.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 825 – noun, hatred.^(OED 1989)

+ * before 899 – verb (Alfred).^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1297 – to dislike doing.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1592 – an object of hatred.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1914 – a bombardment.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1951 – ''hate mail''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1988 – ''hate crime''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1990 – ''hate speech''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To feel intense hostility or [[animosity]] towards; to [[detest]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # To dislike greatly; to be reluctant: ''I hate to interrupt''.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Intense dislike; [[hatred]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # An object of hatred: ''a pet hate''.^(AHD)^(HTOED)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hater]]

+ * [[hatable]]

+ * [[hatemonger]]

+ * [[self-hate]]

+ * [[hate crime]]

+ * [[hate mail]]

+ * [[hate speech]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hatred]]

+ * [[heinous]]

+ * [[hateful]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}