obduro Latin · revision 34376

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la dūrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɔbˈduː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [obˈduː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''obdūrō''' (present infinitive obdūrāre, perfect active obdūrāvī, supine obdūrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ob-|dūrō|t2=to harden; to endure]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The simple verb is formed from [[m|la|dūrus|t=hard]], which de Vaan derives from [[itc-pro|*dūro-]] and [[ine-pro|*du(e)h2-ro-|t=far, long]]; he notes that the verb's sense must have moved from “be hard” to “endure, last”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL finds it from Plautus (c. 250–184 BC) on,^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) where a speaker says he will deny everything and hold out (''pernegabo atque obdurabo'').^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it is mostly intransitive, to hold out, persist, endure: Catullus tells himself to bear it with a stubborn mind and hold firm (''obstinata mente perfer, obdura''), and Horace and Ovid use the same imperative.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Cicero has the impersonal passive for enduring three days, and Ulpian uses it of slaves who hold out under interrogation.^(OLD 2012) As a transitive verb it means to make hard: Seneca has a river whose mud sticks bodies together and hardens them, and Cicero uses it figuratively of hardening oneself against nature.^(OLD 2012) L&S find the transitive sense mainly in later writers: Lactantius has hardening oneself against plain truth, and the Vulgate hardening the heart against God, with the passive in the Epistle to the Hebrews.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to harden or make insensible.^(Stelten 1995) The TLL derives Italian [[m|it|addurare]], Old French [[m|fro|adurer]] and Old Provençal [[m|pro|adurar]] from it, with the prefix changed from ''ob-'' to ''ab-''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of holding out in denial.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses the imperative ''obdura''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the impersonal passive and the transitive sense.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–317 AD – Lactantius uses it of hardening oneself against the truth.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of hardening the heart.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To hold out, [[m|en|persist]], [[m|en|endure]], be [[m|en|obdurate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To make hard, [[m|en|harden]];^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) ''(figurative)'' to make insensible.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' To harden (the heart) against God.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[obdūrātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrus]]

+ * [[obdūrēscō]]

+ * [[en|obdure]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}