procudo Latin · revision 34361

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la cūdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [proːˈkuː.dɔ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈkuː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōcūdō''' (present infinitive prōcūdere, perfect active prōcūdī, supine prōcūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prō-|cūdō|t2=to beat, strike]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) The simple verb goes back to [[itc-pro|*kūd-e/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*kuh₂-d-e/o-|t=to hit]], with cognates such as [[lt|káuti|t=to hit]] and [[non|hǫggva|t=to hew, beat]].^(de Vaan 2008) The epitome of Festus derived the related [[m|la|excūdō]] and [[m|la|incūs|t=anvil]] from [[m|la|caedō|t=to cut]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) first in a figurative sense: ''haec mihi incus est: procudam ego hodie hinc multos dolos'', “this is my anvil: today I shall forge many tricks from it”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In its literal sense it means to hammer out or forge: Lucretius uses it of beating metal into sharp points, Virgil of a ploughman hammering out the blunted tooth of a ploughshare, and Horace of forging swords.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it means to produce or bring forth, as Lucretius uses it of fire,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and to shape or sharpen, as Cicero speaks of shaping the tongue.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) Nonius glossed it as “draw out, prolong”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of forging tricks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of hammering metal into points.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero speaks of shaping the tongue.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of hammering out a ploughshare.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of forging swords.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To beat into shape, [[m|en|hammer]] out, [[m|en|forge]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To fashion, produce; to hammer out, [[m|en|prolong]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}