pigre Latin · revision 34331

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=43 BC–18 AD, Ovid|origins=la piger}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pigrē''' (comparative pigrius); adverb^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|piger|-ē|t1=sluggish, lazy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The adjective goes back to [[itc-pro|*pig-ro-|t=inactive]], beside [[m|itc-pro|*pig-ē-|t=to fill with revulsion]]; de Vaan finds the root etymology unknown.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Ovid,^(Köbler 2010) who has ''surgit humo pigre'', “rises sluggishly from the ground”.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means sluggishly or slowly: Columella has ''pigre ac segniter agere'', Seneca limbs dragged and feet moving sluggishly, Lucan waters standing more sluggishly than motionless marshes, and Statius clouds that cling more slowly.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) It also means reluctantly: Seneca writes of passing reluctantly from free Macedonian to Persian slavery and ''nec ideo pigrius dabo, sed diligentius'', “I shall not give any less readily for that, but more carefully”,^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Younger complains that people gather sluggishly to listen to readings,^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and Apuleius has ''pigre ac timide'', hesitantly and timidly.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Ammianus still uses the comparative.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of rising sluggishly.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of slow movement and of reluctant giving.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 39–65 AD – Lucan uses the comparative of still water.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of acting hesitantly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 390 AD – Ammianus uses the comparative.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Without energy, [[m|en|sluggishly]], slowly.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # [[m|en|reluctantly|alt=Reluctantly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[piger]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}