caveo Latin · revision 3433

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *kouh₁-éie-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈka.we.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkaː.ve.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''caveō''' (present infinitive cavēre, perfect active cāvī, supine cautum); second conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*kawē-]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kouh₁-éie-|t=to perceive]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan explains the /a/ by an unrounding of PIE /ou̯/ before the stress, so that *kou̯(H)-éie- gave *kawē-.^(de Vaan 2008) The perfect [[m|la|cāvī]] and the participle [[cautus]] are regular from it.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|kutef|t=in silence]],^(de Vaan 2008) [[sa|कवि|tr=kaví|t=seer, poet]], [[grc|κοέω|tr=koéō|t=to perceive]] and [[goh|scouwōn|t=to look at]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary adds [[en|show]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Naevius onwards.^(de Vaan 2008) In Plautus a character says he ought to have taken care before he was ashamed.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense was to be on one's guard, and with an accusative to guard against or avoid a danger, as in Terence's “what you can avoid it's foolish to let happen”.^(OLD 2012) The imperative ''cave'' with a subjunctive meant “mind you don't”, and with a dative it meant to look out for someone's interests.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In law it meant to provide for something in a contract or statute, to give a surety or guarantee, and to obtain security from someone, as in Cicero and Caesar.^(OLD 2012) The noun [[cautio|alt=cautiō]] gave English ''caution'', first “bail, guarantee” about 1300, and the subjunctive ''caveat'', “let him beware”, was taken into English in the 1550s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it in the sense “to take precautions”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of legal provisions.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''caution'' comes from its derivative ''cautio''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1550s – English ''caveat'' is taken from its subjunctive.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take precautions, be on one's guard, [[m|en|beware]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To guard against, beware of.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with ablative or dative)'' To be on one's guard against.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''cave'' ''(with subjunctive)'': mind you don't, do not.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' To look out for, see to (someone's interests).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To avoid, keep away from.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' To provide, stipulate, decree.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law)'' To give [[m|en|surety]], give a guarantee.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law, with ab)'' To obtain security from.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cautē]]

+ * [[cautēla]]

+ * [[cautim]]

+ * [[cautiō]]

+ * [[cautor]]

+ * [[cautulus]]

+ * [[cautus]]

+ * [[praecaveō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cautionalis]]

+ * [[incaute]]

+ * [[incautela]]

+ * [[incautus]]

+ * [[percautus]]

+ * [[praecautio]]

+ * [[en|caution]]

+ * [[en|caveat]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}