cruor Latin · revision 3432

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=ine-pro *kruh₂-ōs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkru.ɔr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkruː.or]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cruor''' ''m'' (genitive cruōris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*kruwōs|t=blood]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kruh₂-ōs|t=blood]].^(de Vaan 2008) The PIE s-stem *kreuH-s found in Indo-Iranian and Greek supports this reconstruction.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[sga|crú|t=blood]], [[sa|क्रविस्|tr=kravís|t=raw meat]], [[grc|κρέας|tr=kréas|t=meat]], [[lt|kraũjas|t=blood]], [[ru|кровь|tr=krovʹ|t=blood]] and [[ang|hrēaw|t=raw]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan finds it first in Accius, who writes of someone washing the blood away with salt tears.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) Köbler cites the Rhetorica ad Herennium (86/82 BC).^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant blood that flows or has clotted from a wound, in contrast with [[sanguis]], the blood circulating in the body.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Döderlein 1874) Tacitus' description of kings who let blood from their arms and lick it shows the two words side by side.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ From this it meant bloodshed and slaughter, as Cicero's “the bloodshed of Cinna”, and later blood in general, as in Lucretius.^(OLD 2012) Gaffiot notes a figurative sense “life force” in Lucan.^(Gaffiot 2016) It was borrowed by English as ''cruor'', clotted blood.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for bloodshed.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of blood in general.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Blood]] flowing from a wound; [[m|en|gore]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Bloodshed, [[m|en|slaughter]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Blood in general.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cruentus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cruentātiō]]

+ * [[cruentē]]

+ * [[cruenter]]

+ * [[cruentō]]

+ * [[crūdus]]

+ * [[en|raw]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''cruor'', the blood that gushes from the body, from ''sanguis'', the blood flowing in it and keeping it alive.^(Döderlein 1874) Lewis and Short make the same distinction.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}