superfluo Latin · revision 34317

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=81/79–52/50 BC, Catullus|origins=la fluō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [sʊˈpɛr.fɫu.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [suˈpɛr.flu.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''superfluō''' (present infinitive superfluere, perfect active superflūxī); third conjugation, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|super-|fluō|t1=over|t2=to flow]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) [[m|la|fluō|alt=Fluō]] goes back to [[itc-pro|*flow-e/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*bhleuH-|t=to flow (over)]].^(de Vaan 2008) [[m|la|super|alt=Super]] goes back to [[ine-pro|*(h1)uper(i)|t=over, above]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short call it mostly post-Augustan and find it only once in Cicero,^(Lewis & Short 1879) who in the ''Brutus'' says of himself as a young speaker ''redundantes nos et superfluentes iuvenili quadam dicendi impunitate et licentia'', “overflowing and running over with a youthful freedom and licence in speaking”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Catullus has ''superbus et superfluens'', of a man overflowing with wealth.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Literally it means to flow over the brim or sides, overflow, in Celsus of ingredients in a bronze vessel, and in Seneca, Pliny the Elder and Tacitus of the Nile and a spring;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Columella uses it of water flowing over a surface.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tacitus applies it to an orator who is ''supra modum exsultans et superfluens'', “bounding and overflowing beyond measure”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It came to mean to be more than enough, superabound, and to be surplus to need, superfluous, as in Quintilian's ''nihil neque desit neque superfluat'', “let nothing be lacking or superfluous”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) With an ablative it means to be superabundantly supplied with, as Aquileia with arms in Silius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Once in Quintilian it is transitive, of words that would flow past the ears.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus has ''superbus et superfluens''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it once, in the ''Brutus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it of ingredients that must not overflow.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it of what is superfluous in style.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|overflow]], run over; to flow over a surface.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|superabound]], be more than sufficient.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To be surplus to need, be [[m|en|superfluous]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To be superabundantly supplied (with an ablative).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To flow past.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[superfluus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fluō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate adverb ''superfluō'', “superfluously”, made from [[superfluus]], occurs in Augustine.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)^(Wiktionary) Lewis and Short give [[redundō]] as a synonym of the verb.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}