hispidus Latin · revision 34308

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰers-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈhɪs.pɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈis.pi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hispidus''' (feminine hispida, neuter hispidum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain; the OLD only compares [[m|la|hirsūtus|t=hairy, shaggy]].^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary and Köbler derive it [[der|ine-pro|*ǵʰers-|t=to bristle]], the root of [[m|la|horreō|t=to bristle]] and [[m|la|hordeum|t=barley]];^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) the TLL takes it from an unattested Italic ⟨*hispus⟩, from ⟨*hers-quos⟩, and compares [[m|la|horridus|t=rough, bristly]].^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|horreō]] to [[itc-pro|*χors-ē-|t=to be stiff]] and [[ine-pro|*ǵhrs-eh1-|t=to be stiff, surprised]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's earliest source is Virgil,^(Köbler 2010) who has a shaggy brow, ''hispida frōns'', in the ''Aeneid''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It means covered with hair, rough, shaggy.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis and Short call it a word of poetry and post-Augustan prose.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Horace has a shaggy face, Silius Italicus the shaggy beard of Pan, Juvenal hairy limbs.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Of plants it is rough or prickly, as Columella's artichoke, and Statius uses it of rugged mountain ridges.^(OLD 2012) Terentianus Maurus calls the sound of the letter rho rough, and Gellius uses it figuratively of a coarse, uncultured ear.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a shaggy brow.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of a shaggy face.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of a prickly artichoke.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius uses it of a coarse, uncultivated ear.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Covered with hair, [[m|en|rough]], [[m|en|shaggy]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) (of hair) shaggy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (of plants) [[m|en|bristly|alt=Bristly]], prickly;^(OLD 2012) (of land) rugged.^(OLD 2012)

+ # (of sounds) Rough.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(figurative)'' [[m|en|coarse|alt=Coarse]], uncultured.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horreō]]

+ * [[horridus]]

+ * [[hirsūtus]]

+ * [[en|hispid]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes it from its near-synonyms: [[horridus]] is the most general word for what is rough from want of form, [[hirtus]] and [[hirsūtus]] refer to rough hair as opposed to what is smooth, while ''hispidus'' and [[asper]] refer to rough projections as opposed to what is level, ''hispidus'' to roughness that offends the eye.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}