frico Latin · revision 34280

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *bhriH-o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈfrɪ.koː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈfriː.ko]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fricō''' (present infinitive fricāre, perfect active fricuī, supine frictum or fricātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ The participle is ''frictus'' or, more rarely, ''fricātus''; the perfect ''fricuī'' later also appears as ''fricāvī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The OLD compares [[m|la|friō|t=to crumble]],^(OLD 2012) and de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that verb: it presupposes an adjective [[itc-pro|*friko-]], probably built secondarily beside [[m|itc-pro|*frio-]], from [[ine-pro|*bhriH-o-|t=cut]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan compares [[sa|भ्रीणन्ति|tr=bhrīṇánti|t=to cut]] and [[sga|brieid|t=to hurt, damage]].^(de Vaan 2008) The TLL calls the origin uncertain unless it belongs with that verb.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan records it from Plautus on,^(de Vaan 2008) who uses it of rubbing someone's knees in supplication: ''genua fricentur'', “let knees be rubbed”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its senses are to rub or chafe, to massage or rub down after bathing, to rub with a medicine, and to smooth or polish by rubbing;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cato uses it of finishing a floor.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil has a swine rubbing its ribs against a tree, and Pliny the Elder says that the tear of a plant is fragrant when rubbed.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short note that Cicero and Caesar do not use it, and that Plautus, Petronius and Martial also use it in an obscene sense.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Döderlein distinguishes it from [[terō]]: ''fricāre'' is to rub so as to make smooth, ''terere'' to rub so as to wear away.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ It continues in the Romance languages, as [[it|fregare]], [[es|fregar]], [[ro|freca]] and [[fr|frayer]]; from Old French, Middle English took ''fraien'', the source of [[en|fray]] “to rub”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of rubbing knees and of massage.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of polishing a floor.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil has a swine rubbing its ribs on a tree.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of rubbing with medicaments.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|rub]], [[m|en|chafe]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|massage]], rub down; to rub with a medicament.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To smooth or [[m|en|polish]] by rubbing; to rub clean.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[affricō]]

+ * [[circumfricō]]

+ * [[cōnfricō]]

+ * [[dēfricō]]

+ * [[effricō]]

+ * [[fricamentum]]

+ * [[fricātiō]]

+ * [[fricator]]

+ * [[fricātūra]]

+ * [[fricātus]]

+ * [[fricium]]

+ * [[frictiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[friō]]

+ * [[frīvolus]]

+ * [[en|fray]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Ancient grammarians distinguished its perfect ''fricuī'' from that of [[frīgō]] “roast”.^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}