procellosus Latin · revision 34245

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=43 BC–18 AD, Ovid|origins=la procella}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [prɔ.kɛlˈloː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [pro.t͡ʃelˈlɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''procellōsus''' (feminine procellōsa, neuter procellōsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|procella|-ōsus|t1=violent wind, storm|t2=full of]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan takes [[m|la|procella]] as probably derived from [[m|la|prōcellō|t=to throw violently forward]], a compound of the verb ⟨-cellō⟩ found only in compounds, which goes back to [[itc-pro|*kelne/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*-kel-n-h₂-e/o-|t=to beat]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Ovid on,^(TLL) who has vows carried off over the sea by the ''procelloso Noto'', “the squally south wind”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) Lewis and Short think it perhaps not older than Augustus.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Ovid, Livy and the younger Seneca it describes winds, clouds and hail that bring gales, and so means storm-raising, violent.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Of seas, seasons and the state of the sky it means full of storms: Livy has ''ver procellosum'', Columella sets a stormy and rainy sky against a calm one, and Valerius Flaccus has a stormy sea.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(TLL) The TLL finds it from Ovid on in poetry, in Livy and in the younger Seneca, and more often in Augustine,^(TLL) who uses the superlative ''procellosissimum pelagus'' and speaks figuratively of a life and an age troubled as if by storms.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Augustine also has the adverb ''procellōsē'', boisterously.^(Lewis & Short 1879) In medieval British writers it is used of stormy seas and gales and, figuratively, of the storms of worldly affairs, and also means turbulent, of a river.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of the squally south wind.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy has winds ''subiti ac procellosi'' and a stormy spring.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 354–430 AD – Augustine has the superlative and figurative uses of a stormy life.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 672 – Aldhelm writes of a ship ploughing the stormy sea.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Full of [[m|en|gale|alt=gales]], [[m|en|squally]], [[m|en|stormy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of winds, clouds and the like, raising storms, violent.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' Figuratively, troubled, [[m|en|turbulent]], of life or the world.^(Georges 1913)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[procella]]

+ * [[percellō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}