excudo Latin · revision 34239

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la cūdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈskuː.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ekˈskuː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''excūdō''' (present infinitive excūdere, perfect active excūdī, supine excūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|cūdō|t2=to beat, strike]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan reconstructs [[m|la|cūdō]] as [[itc-pro|*kūd-e/o-]] from [[ine-pro|*kuh₂-d-e/o-|t=to hit]], cognate with [[lt|káuti|t=to hit]] and [[non|hǫggva|t=to hew]].^(de Vaan 2008) Festus, as epitomised by Paul the Deacon, derived it with [[m|la|prōcūdō]] and [[m|la|incūs|t=anvil]] from [[m|la|caedō|t=to cut]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) whose ''Menaechmi'' has a ship ''saepe excussam malleo'', “often hammered into shape with a mallet”; the OLD notes that this form may instead belong to [[excutiō]].^(OLD 2012) The TLL counts it only from Varro, Cicero and Virgil on.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is to hammer out, forge, fashion: Virgil foresees that others ''excudent spirantia mollius aera'', “will forge breathing bronzes more gracefully”, and Curtius writes of iron put in the furnaces to be forged.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil also uses it of striking out a spark from flint, and of bees fashioning wax.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) In Varro, Cicero and Columella it means to hatch chicks or goslings.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is used of literary work: Cicero promises to hammer out something in the manner of Heraclides, and Tacitus speaks of labouring to hammer out a single book.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) The TLL notes that outside farming it is found almost only in learned writers.^(TLL) In Neo-Latin it means to print, as in Aldus Manutius in 1497 and Erasmus in 1504.^(Ramminger)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has a ship hammered into shape, if the form belongs here.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of hatching chicks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of forging bronze and striking sparks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1497 – Aldus Manutius uses it of printing books.^(Ramminger)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|hammer]] out, [[m|en|forge]], fashion; figuratively, to compose a written work.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To strike out a [[m|en|spark]] or fire.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # To [[m|en|hatch]] out young birds.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(New Latin)'' To [[m|en|print]].^(Ramminger)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[excūsor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[prōcūdō]]

+ * [[incūs]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}