hostiliter Latin · revision 34237

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la hostis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [hɔsˈtiː.lɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [osˈtiː.li.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hostīliter''' (comparative hostīlius, superlative hostīlissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|hostīlis|-ter|t1=hostile]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists [[m|la|hostīlis]] among the derivatives of [[m|la|hostis|t=foreigner, enemy]], which goes back to [[itc-pro|*χosti-]] and [[ine-pro|*gʰosti-|t=stranger, guest]], and compares [[goh|gast]] and [[non|gestr|t=guest]]; he discusses several proposals for the root without settling on one.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who asks in the ''Philippics'' what the one man did ''hostiliter'' that the other has not done or is not doing.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means in a hostile way, like an enemy: Sallust uses it of approaching many places with cavalry as an enemy, Livy uses it of ravaging the land around, Livy and Suetonius of plundering, and Ovid of laying low a whole herd.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Tacitus says that some had behaved ''hostiliter''.^(Conte 2010) In medieval Latin, from the capitularies of 792/793 on, it takes the sense of the host, the army: on a military expedition, with the equipment required of those who served in the host, and at a general assembly of the realm.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) Medieval British writers use it of warlike invasions and of burning and ravaging in war, and Gildas of blows dealt violently.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of hostile acts.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it of approaching places as an enemy.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 792/793 – The Frankish capitularies use it in the sense of the host.^(Köbler 2010)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In a [[m|en|hostile]] or unfriendly way, like an [[m|en|enemy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' On a military [[m|en|expedition]]; with the equipment owed by those serving in the [[m|en|host]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' At a general [[m|en|assembly]] of the realm.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Angrily, violently.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hostīlis]]

+ * [[hostis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}