hiberno Latin · revision 34220

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la hiems}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [hiːˈbɛr.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iˈbɛr.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hībernō''' (present infinitive hībernāre, perfect active hībernāvī, supine hībernātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|hībernus|-ō|t1=of winter]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|hībernus]] from ⟨*heimrinos⟩, a derivative with the full grade of the root of [[m|la|hiems|t=winter]], which goes back to [[itc-pro|*χiem-]] and [[ine-pro|*ǵhéiōm|t=winter]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sga|gaim|t=winter]], [[sa|हिम|tr=himá-|t=cold, frost]], [[grc|χειμών|tr=kheimṓn|t=winter]] and [[lt|žiemà|t=winter]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it first in Cicero,^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) who writes of the reports that arrive every day on how the soldiers spend the winter, ''quem ad modum milites hibernent''.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan dates it from Varro, who writes of props brought indoors for the winter.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to spend the winter, especially of troops in winter quarters.^(OLD 2012) The TLL finds it mainly in historians and writers on agriculture: Hirtius and Livy use it of commanders, armies and fleets, and Livy of new ships drawn up on dry land to winter, while Caesar, Sallust and Nepos do not use it.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Pliny the Elder uses it of tunny wintering wherever the season catches them.^(Lewis & Short 1879) A deponent ''hībernor'' is also found.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Persius has the sea ''hibernat'' on the Ligurian coast;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) Lewis and Short take it as to rest, while the TLL takes it as to be stormy and quotes a scholiast who gives both readings.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) The TLL lists Italian [[m|it|invernare]], French [[m|fr|hiverner]] and Spanish [[m|es|invernar]] among its Romance descendants.^(TLL) English [[m|en|hibernate]], first recorded in 1802, is according to Etymonline probably a back-formation from ''hibernation''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero writes of how the soldiers spend the winter.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it in his work on agriculture.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of armies and fleets in winter quarters.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 34–62 AD – Persius uses it of the sea.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1802 – English [[m|en|hibernate|alt=hibernate]] is first recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To spend the [[m|en|winter]], to winter.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(military)'' To be in [[m|en|winter quarters]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(poetic)'' Of the sea, to rest, or to be stormy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hībernāculum]]

+ * [[hībernātiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hībernus]]

+ * [[hiems]]

+ * [[hiemō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A rare adverb ''hībernō'', “in winter”, is a separate word formed from [[hībernus]];^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010) Gaffiot cites it from Caelius Aurelianus, Köbler from Pliny the Elder.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010) The synonym [[hiemō]] is formed from [[hiems]].^(Stelten 1995)^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}