transverbero Latin · revision 34195

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la verbera}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [trãːsˈwɛr.bɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tranzˈvɛr.be.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trānsverberō''' (present infinitive trānsverberāre, perfect active trānsverberāvī, supine trānsverberātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|trāns-|verberō#1|t1=across, through|t2=to beat, strike]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) De Vaan lists the simple verb among the derivatives of [[m|la|verbera|t=twigs for flogging, lashes]], which he traces to [[itc-pro|*werb/fos|t=twig, whip]] and, with a query, to [[ine-pro|*uerb(h)-es-]].^(de Vaan 2008) He compares [[lt|vir̃bas|t=stick, twig]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cicero uses it in a letter of a fine beast transfixed by a hunting spear (''venabulo transverberatur'').^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means to strike so as to pierce through, to [[m|en|transfix]]: Virgil uses it of a spear piercing the bronze of a shield and of a chest pierced with a shaft of fir, Livy of a shield, Seneca of running oneself through with a sword.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Tacitus has ''in utrumque latus transverberatus'', pierced through from side to side.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010) Apuleius uses it figuratively of birds that cut through the air in flight.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010) In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to pierce or perforate.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero writes of a beast transfixed by a hunting spear.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of spears piercing a shield and a chest.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus has ''in utrumque latus transverberatus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of birds cutting through the air.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To strike through, [[m|en|pierce]] through, [[m|en|transfix]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To cut through (the air), of birds.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verberō#1]]

+ * [[verbera]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}