pala Latin · revision 34186

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *peh₂ǵ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpaː.ɫa]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpaː.la]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pāla''' ''f'' (genitive pālae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably [[inh|itc-pro|*pāg-slo-|t=spade, pole]], an instrument noun from the root of [[m|la|pangō|t=to fix, drive in]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives both [[m|la|pālus#1|t=stake]] and this word from that noun, whose root goes back to [[ine-pro|*peh₂ǵ-|t=to attach, fasten]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD calls the origin doubtful and compares [[m|la|pangō]] only tentatively,^(OLD 2012) and the TLL says it is not established.^(TLL)

+

+ Varro already derived it from that verb.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found first in Plautus,^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) in the ''Poenulus'': ''palas vendundas sibi ait et mergas datas'', “he says spades and forks were given him to sell”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is a long-handled spade with a pointed blade,^(OLD 2012) used for digging and for turning the soil: Cato lists four of them in an inventory of farm equipment, and Pliny the Elder says that a rushy field must be turned with the spade.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Cato also uses it for the baker's peel, the shovel that puts bread into the oven, and for a winnowing shovel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Cicero applies it to the bezel of a ring, the part that holds the stone.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ In Late Latin the winnowing shovel appears in Tertullian and Cyprian, and in the Old Latin Bible at Matthew 3:12.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) In the medical writer Caelius Aurelianus it is the shoulder blade.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) British Medieval Latin kept the spade, the baker's peel and the winnowing fan, and added a fire rake and, in anatomy, a muscle of the back.^(DMLBS) The word lives on in [[it|pala]].^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has it for spades sold with forks.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato lists spades among farm equipment and uses it for the baker's peel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro derives it from [[m|la|pangō]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for the bezel of a ring.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy has ''palae innixus'', “leaning on a spade”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian uses it for a winnowing shovel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 5th century AD – Caelius Aurelianus uses it for the shoulder blade.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A long-handled [[m|en|spade]] with a pointed blade; a [[m|en|shovel]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # A baker's [[m|en|peel]], for putting bread into the oven.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # A winnowing shovel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # The [[m|en|bezel]] of a ring, in which the stone is set.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Late Latin, medicine)'' The [[m|en|shoulder blade]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A fire rake.^(DMLBS)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, anatomy)'' A [[m|en|muscle]] of the back.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bipālium]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pangō]]

+ * [[pālus#1]]

+ * [[pāgina]]

+ * [[pāgus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The OLD has a separate rare word ''pāla'' for an Indian tree resembling a palm, applied to the banana in its one quotation, from Pliny the Elder;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) the OLD takes it as a rendering of Sanskrit ''tāla'', and the TLL calls it apparently foreign.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}