blood English · revision 3416

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=c. 725 (Beowulf)|origins=gem-pro *blōþą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /blʌd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|blod]], [[inh|ang|blōd]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(MW Collegiate) from [[gem-pro|*blōþą]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) Its cognates include [[ofs|blōd]], [[osx|blōd]], [[nl|bloed]], [[de|Blut]] and [[non|blóð]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(SOED 2002) and Gothic has blōþ.^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) Its further origin is unknown according to the SOED and Hoad;^(SOED 2002)^(Hoad 1986) some derive it from [[ine-pro|*bʰel-|alt=*bhel-|t=to thrive, bloom]], as “that which bursts out”, and Merriam-Webster relates it to Old English blōwan “to bloom”, but Boutkan finds no certain Indo-European etymology.^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) Etymonline notes that Germanic seems to have avoided, perhaps from taboo, the older Indo-European words for blood, such as the source of Latin [[m|la|cruor|t=gore]].^(Etymonline) Word Origins notes that the verb [[bleed]] is from the same root.^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The fluid circulating in the veins: Old English ''blōd'', about 725, in ''Beowulf'',^(Barnhart 1988) or about 1000 in the OED.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Senses of inheritance and kinship emerged by the mid-13th century, as in Latin [[m|la|sanguis]] and Greek ''haîma''.^(Etymonline) As the seat of the passions, ''blood'' has meant “temper, disposition” since about 1300,^(Etymonline) and a member of one's family or offspring since the late 14th century.^(Etymonline) ''God's blood!'' and similar oaths are from before 1541.^(OED 1989) A hot-blooded young man of fashion, ''a blood'', is from the 1560s.^(Etymonline) The verb meant “to smear with blood” in the 1590s and “to give a hound its first taste of blood” from 1781.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) ''Blood out of a stone'' is from 1662.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 725 – Old English ''blōd'' (''Beowulf'').^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * mid-13th century – kinship, descent.^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1300 – temper, disposition.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1560s – a dashing young man.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1590s – verb, to smear with blood.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1662 – ''blood out of a stone''.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1781 – verb, to blood a hound.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The red fluid circulated by the heart through the [[vein|alt=veins]] and [[artery|alt=arteries]], carrying oxygen and nutrients.^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # Bloodshed; violence.^(AHD)^(Cresswell 2021)

+ # Descent, lineage, family: ''of royal blood''.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # Temperament, passion: ''bad blood''.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # ''(dated)'' A dashing young man.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give a hunting dog its first taste of blood; to give a novice a first experience.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bloodlike]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bleed]]

+ * [[bloody mary]]

+ * [[bless]]

+ * [[blessing]]

+ * [[bloody]]

+ * [[bloodhound]]

+ * [[bloodshed]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}