iracunde Latin · revision 34148

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la īra}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''īrācundē''' (comparative īrācundius, superlative īrācundissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|īrācundus|-ē|t1=irascible, hot-tempered]],^(OLD 2012)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) the adverb of an adjective made from [[m|la|īra|t=anger, rage]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan notes that the suffix ⟨-cundus⟩ is rare and cannot be original in ⟨īrācundus⟩: it was taken over from other adjectives in ⟨-cundus⟩.^(de Vaan 2008) He reconstructs that noun as [[itc-pro|*eisra-]] and [[ine-pro|*h1eis-h2-|t=anger]], an etymology he accepts in the absence of a better one, since both the intervocalic /s/ and the link with a root meaning “to urge” are uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Conte cites it first from Plautus' ''Asinaria'';^(Conte 2010) Köbler's earliest source is Cicero.^(Köbler 2010) It means with anger, angrily.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Cicero has the comparative ''īrācundius'', “more angrily”, in the ''Pro Roscio comoedo'' and the ''Pro Sulla''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913) Pliny the Elder writes ''īrācundē ferre'' with an accusative and infinitive, to take it angrily that something is so.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) The OLD defines it as with anger or with a proneness to anger, irately or irritably.^(OLD 2012) In medieval Latin from Britain it keeps the classical sense, angrily, irately.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it in the ''Asinaria''.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the adverb and its comparative.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder has ''īrācundē ferre'', to be angry at something.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1366 – A British record uses it in the sense “angrily”.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|angrily|alt=Angrily]], with [[m|en|anger]]; [[m|en|irritably]], from a hot temper.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # (with ''ferre'' and an accusative and infinitive) To take it ill that something is so, be [[m|en|indignant]] that.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[īra]]

+ * [[īrācundia]]

+ * [[īrāscor]]

+ * [[īrātus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}