languide Latin · revision 34146

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la langueō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈɫaŋ.ɡʷɪ.deː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈlaŋ.ɡʷi.de]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''languidē''' (comparative languidius, superlative languidissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|languidus|-ē|t1=faint, weak, sluggish]],^(OLD 2012)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) and that adjective is made from [[m|la|langueō|t=to be faint, weary]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan derives that verb from [[itc-pro|*slangu-]], perhaps [[ine-pro|*sl-n-ǵ-u-|t=weak, faint]], with a basic adjective meaning “faint, weak” that was a nasalized variant of the root seen in [[m|la|laxus|t=loose, slack]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[grc|λαγαρός|tr=lagarós|t=slack, thin]] and [[ang|slæc|t=weak, floppy]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's earliest source is Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who in the ''Tusculan Disputations'' has the comparative: people say that no philosopher has ever said anything ''languidius'', “more feebly”.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Caesar uses the comparative of soldiers ordered to work less briskly,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) and the ''Bellum Africum'' of enemies throwing their weapons feebly and carelessly.^(OLD 2012) Columella has it of a household that moves slowly and sluggishly, and Petronius uses it too.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Of things, Pliny the Elder uses it of a top that nods droopingly, of palms that are only faintly sweet and of stones that shine less brightly,^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) and Seneca of misfortunes that strike with less force when foreseen.^(OLD 2012) Lewis's school dictionary records only the comparative for the classical authors he covers.^(Lewis 1890) A British medieval poet uses it of something once feebly despised.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero has the comparative ''languidius''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of soldiers working without energy.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of a blow that strikes with less force.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of drooping and of faint sweetness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Droopingly, [[m|en|slack|alt=slackly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # Without force, [[m|en|feebly]], faintly.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)^(Lewis 1890)

+ # Without eagerness, [[m|en|sluggishly]], listlessly, [[m|en|apathetically]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[languidus]]

+ * [[langueō]]

+ * [[languor]]

+ * [[languēscō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}