defraudo Latin · revision 34144

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la fraus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [deːˈfrau̯.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [deˈfraːu̯.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēfraudō''' (present infinitive dēfraudāre, perfect active dēfraudāvī, supine dēfraudātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Also written ''dēfrūdō''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+ The manuscripts have ⟨-au-⟩ and ⟨-u-⟩ without distinction, and editors prefer ⟨-u-⟩.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)

+ An inscription has ''defrudavi'', a form Priscian also gives.^(TLL)

+ Plautus has the old future perfect ''dēfraudāssis''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|dē-|fraudō|t1=thoroughly|t2=to cheat]],^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Etymonline) and that verb is made from [[m|la|fraus|t=deceit, fraud]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan reconstructs that noun as [[itc-pro|*frawV-]] and, uncertainly, [[ine-pro|*dhrou-V́-d(h)-]]; he favours Schrijver's link with a root meaning “deceive” seen in [[sa|ध्रुति|tr=dhrúti|t=deception, error]], and rejects Szemerényi's derivation from [[ine-pro|*dhreugh-|t=to deceive]] as resting on ad hoc assumptions.^(de Vaan 2008) The spelling with ⟨ū⟩ is compared by Lewis & Short to [[m|la|frūstrā|t=in vain]] and to the compounds of [[m|la|claudō]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and the OLD find it first in Plautus;^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) in the ''Pseudolus'' a character asks whether the other means to hang himself just to cheat him, ''ut mē dēfrūdēs''.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Plautus and Terence ''sē'', ''animum'' or ''genium suum dēfraudāre'' is to deny oneself, to stint one's own desires,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) and Cato writes of cheating the crop, sowing too little seed.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) With an ablative it is to cheat someone out of something,^(OLD 2012) as in the proverbial ''nē andabatā quidem dēfraudāre'' in a letter of Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Lewis & Short call it ante-classical and late, found twice in Cicero and only in proverbial phrases;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero also uses it of a speech whose brevity cheats the ear.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Petronius has ''nihil sibi dēfraudāre'', to deny oneself nothing,^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and Apuleius and the Vulgate use it with an ablative of what one is cheated of.^(Georges 1913) Ecclesiastical Latin has it in the sense to cheat, defraud,^(Stelten 1995) and Old French ''defrauder'' and English ''defraud'' come from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of cheating someone and of denying oneself.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato writes of cheating the crop.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in proverbial phrases.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 66 AD – Petronius has ''nihil sibi dēfraudāre''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English borrows it, through Old French, as [[m|en|defraud]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|cheat]], [[m|en|defraud]], swindle.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # (with an ablative or a double accusative) To cheat (someone) out of, rob of.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''sē'' (''animum'', ''genium suum'') ''dēfraudāre'': to deny oneself, to stint one's own wants;^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) ''nihil sibi dēfraudāre'': to deny oneself nothing.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''segetem dēfraudāre'': to cheat the crop, to sow too little seed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''aurēs dēfraudāre'': to disappoint the ear (of a speech that stops too soon).^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dēfraudātiō]]

+ * [[dēfraudātor]]

+ * [[defraudatrix]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fraus]]

+ * [[fraudō]]

+ * [[frūstrā]]

+ * [[en|defraud]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}