proculco Latin · revision 34134

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la calx}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''prōculcō''' (present infinitive prōculcāre, perfect active prōculcāvī, supine prōculcātum); first conjugation^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|prō-|calcō|t2=to tread, trample]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) That verb is derived from [[m|la|calx#1|t=heel]];^(de Vaan 2008) de Vaan finds the comparison of the noun with Baltic and Slavic words for parts of the leg, such as [[lt|kulkšnìs|t=ankle, ankle-bone]], doubtful at best, and notes that some scholars have argued for a non-Indo-European, possibly Etruscan, origin, though no concrete source word has been found.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Lucretius on.^(TLL) In Lucretius a hidden force seems to trample (''prōculcāre'') the fine fasces and cruel axes.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis & Short note that it is mostly poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Literally it is to tread down or trample, of horses' hooves in Virgil, of cavalry trampling their own reserves in Livy and of a boar trampling young crops in Ovid;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Columella uses it of animals treading out pulse and of treading grapes for must.^(OLD 2012) Curtius uses it of a squadron ridden down, and of marching over snows.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it means to trample on or despise: Tacitus has ''prōculcātō senātū'', “with the senate trampled underfoot”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gellius uses the participle of words made trite by common use.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL notes that manuscripts often confuse it with [[conculcō]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it figuratively, of a hidden force.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of trampling hooves.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of cavalry trampling their own men.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of threshing and of treading grapes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus writes of the senate trampled underfoot.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius uses the participle of trite words.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|tread]] down, [[m|en|trample]] on.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To tread out (pulse in threshing, grapes in wine-making).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To ride down, [[m|en|overrun]]; to tread over, traverse.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (figurative) To trample on, crush, [[m|en|despise]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014)

+ # (participle) Made [[m|en|trite]] by constant use; blunted.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[prōculcātiō]]

+ * [[proculcator]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calcō]]

+ * [[conculcō]]

+ * [[inculcō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}