tumultuarius Latin · revision 34108

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=86/82 BC, Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=la tumultus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [tʊ.mʊɫ.tuˈaː.ri.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tu.mul.tuˈaː.ri.us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tumultuārius''' (feminine tumultuāria, neuter tumultuārium); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|tumultus|-ārius|t1=uproar; sudden rising]].^(OLD 2012)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) De Vaan puts [[m|la|tumultus]] with [[m|la|tumeō|t=to swell]], from [[ine-pro|*tum-eh₁-|t=to be swelling]], since its meaning suggests this, though the formation of the noun is unclear.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'';^(Köbler 2010) Lewis & Short call it not earlier than Augustus and especially frequent in Livy, though they also cite the ''Bellum Alexandrinum''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It began as a military word for troops raised in haste to meet a ''tumultus'', a sudden rising or emergency,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Livy has a ''tumultuārius exercitus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) From there it means anything made in haste as an emergency measure: a camp, a wall, a bridge, a tribunal held at night, a pyre on which a corpse was half burnt.^(OLD 2012) Of fighting it means unplanned or haphazard, as in Livy's battles that broke out by chance and his sudden battle in which elephants were of no use;^(OLD 2012) Gellius uses it of learning picked up in a hurry.^(OLD 2012) Medieval writers in Britain use it of troops, of a sudden impulse and in the sense “makeshift”.^(DMLBS) Italian has ''tumultuario''.^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of hastily raised armies and unplanned battles.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it of a makeshift pyre.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius uses it of hurried learning.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1276 – A Hereford register uses it of a sudden impulse.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # (of troops) Raised in haste to meet a sudden rising or [[m|en|emergency]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) (of military service) done during such a rising.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # Made as an emergency measure, makeshift, [[m|en|improvised]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # (especially of fighting) Unplanned, casual, [[m|en|haphazard]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tumultus]]

+ * [[tumultuor]]

+ * [[tumeō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}