aspere Latin · revision 34089

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''asperē''' (comparative asperius, superlative asperrimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|asper|-ē|t1=rough]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan tentatively traces [[m|la|asper]] to [[itc-pro|*aspi-ro-]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂esp-i-|t=cutting]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who writes of speaking without harshness, roughness or rusticity.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is so as to give a rough surface, as Vitruvius' walls to be rough-plastered; with a harsh sound; in an unrefined way, coarsely, as Cicero's man dressed roughly in common dark purple.^(OLD 2012) Most often it means harshly, severely, sternly: Cicero asks who can censure the wicked more harshly.^(OLD 2012) It is also drastically, as in the letters to Caesar ascribed to Sallust, and with ''accipere'' or ''patī'' to take ill or resent, as in Cicero's letters.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of harsh speech, censure and resentment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of rough plastering.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|roughly|alt=Roughly]], with a rough surface; with a [[m|en|harsh]] sound.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Coarsely, in an unrefined way.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Harshly, [[m|en|severely]], sternly;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) drastically.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''asperē accipere'', ''asperē patī'': to take ill, resent.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[asper]]

+ * [[asperitas|alt=asperitās]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}