vituperatio Latin · revision 34074

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=86/82 BC, Rhetorica ad Herennium}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [wɪ.tʊ.pɛˈraː.ti.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [vi.tu.peˈrat.t͡si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vituperātiō''' ''f'' (genitive vituperātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|vituperō|-tiō|t1=to find fault with, censure]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD derives that verb from [[m|la|vitium|t=fault]], comparing perhaps [[aequipero|alt=aequiperō]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary suggests ⟨vitium⟩ with [[paro|alt=parō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨vitium⟩ to [[itc-pro|*witio-|t=deviation, fault]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(Köbler 2010) Lewis & Short call it frequent and classical;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero speaks of censuring someone with the common blame.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is unfavourable criticism, blaming, censure, either given or received; it is the opposite of praise, ''laus'' or ''laudātiō'', in Quintilian and Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Döderlein 1874) Church Latin glosses it defamation, slander, censure.^(Stelten 1995) English [[m|en|vituperation]] dates from the mid-15th century, from Old French or directly from the Latin.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of common censure.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian opposes it to praise.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''vituperation''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A blaming, [[m|en|censure]], unfavourable criticism, [[m|en|vituperation]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' [[m|en|defamation|alt=Defamation]], slander.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vituperābilis]]

+ * [[vituperātor]]

+ * [[vituperō]]

+ * [[vitium]]

+ * [[reprehensio|alt=reprehēnsiō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Döderlein distinguishes ''reprehendere'', blaming to correct a fault and warn for the future, from ''vituperāre'', blaming so that the fault is acknowledged with shame;^(Döderlein 1874) ''reprehēnsiō'' is opposed to approval, ''vituperātiō'' to praise.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}