offensus Latin · revision 34040

+ {{homograph|1|offended; offensive}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *gwhen-dh-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɔfˈfẽː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ofˈfɛn.sus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''offēnsus''' (feminine offēnsa, neuter offēnsum, comparative offēnsior); first/second-declension participle^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Used as an adjective, it is the past participle [[der|la|offendō|t=to strike against; to offend]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan explains that verb as a compound of an inherited verb ⟨-fendō⟩ “to strike”, kept only in compounds, from [[itc-pro|*χw(e)nd-]] and [[ine-pro|*gwhen-dh-|t=to hit, strike]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who writes of a man he knew to be hostile to himself and very close to Oppianicus.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With the dative of a person it means offended, displeased, resentful towards someone.^(OLD 2012) It also means causing offence, odious: in ''De Inventione'' Cicero calls an argument offensive that hurts the goodwill of the hearers.^(OLD 2012) Wiktionary also gives the literal sense, struck, hit.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of resentment and of an offensive argument.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Struck, hit.^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|offended|alt=Offended]], displeased, [[m|en|resentful]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Causing offence, [[m|en|odious]], [[m|en|offensive]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inoffensus|alt=inoffēnsus]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|collision}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la offendō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɔfˈfẽː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ofˈfɛn.sus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''offēnsus''' ''m'' (genitive offēnsūs); fourth declension^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is [[af|la|offendō|-tus|t1=to strike against]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Lucretius,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) who says that without a swerve of the atoms no collision would arise and no blow among the first beginnings.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a striking against, a collision or knock, and concretely what makes one stumble;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short find it in poetry and post-classical prose.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Statius uses it of a meeting with arms, and Lucretius, in a disputed reading, of life as a vexation.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) Tertullian also has it.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The elder Seneca perhaps uses it of giving offence, but the passage rests on a conjecture.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius of colliding atoms.^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|collision]], knock, [[m|en|shock]]; what makes one stumble.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A meeting with something.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Offence, vexation.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[offendo|alt=offendō]]

+ * [[offensa|alt=offēnsa]]

+ * [[offensio|alt=offēnsiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}