vallo Latin · revision 33942

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=116–27 BC, Varro|origins=la vallum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈwal.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈval.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vallō''' (present infinitive vallāre, perfect active vallāvī, supine vallātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|vallum|-ō|t1=rampart, palisade]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan reconstructs [[m|la|vallum]] as [[itc-pro|*walso-]] and compares Greek words for "nail" such as [[grc|ἧλος|tr=hêlos|t=nail]], a connection he calls possible but not compelling.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest citations are Varro's Menippean satires, of eyes ringed by moving lashes like a palisade, and Cicero, who in the speech for Murena describes Catiline surrounded by a band of young men and fenced in by informers and assassins.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is a military word, to surround or fortify a camp with a palisaded rampart:^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) the ''Bellum Alexandrinum'' has a camp fortified with great labour and by the nature of the ground, and Livy and Tacitus use it of fortifying camps.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil has an army camping before a city and fortifying the walls.^(OLD 2012) It also means to hem in or ring round, of crowds of followers, as Catiline in Cicero, and of natural barriers: Propertius speaks of being buried under heaps of sand.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it means to safeguard: Cicero says that the person of a magistrate was meant to be fenced about by laws.^(OLD 2012) Stelten gives "enclose, fortify" for Church Latin.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro of eyes ringed by lashes.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of Catiline fenced in by assassins.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of fortifying a camp.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To surround or fortify with a palisaded [[m|en|rampart]], [[m|en|entrench]]; to furnish with a palisade.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hem in, ring round;^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of natural barriers)'' to enclose.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To safeguard, defend.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vallum]]

+ * [[vallus]]

+ * [[circumvallō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Niermeyer records two medieval nouns ''vallō'': one, from [[vallis]], means "valley", and one, from [[vallus]], means "stake".^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}