exaspero Latin · revision 33894

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=43 BC–18 AD, Ovid|origins=la asper}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈsas.pɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzas.pe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exasperō''' (present infinitive exasperāre, perfect active exasperāvī, supine exasperātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|asperō|t2=to make rough]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) [[m|la|asperō]] is made from [[m|la|asper|t=rough]], whose origin de Vaan thinks uncertain: perhaps [[ine-pro|*h₂esp-i-|t=cutting]], with [[grc|ἀσπίς|tr=aspís|t=shield]] as a possible cognate.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL reads it from Ovid and Livy on;^(TLL) in the ''Amores'' Ovid speaks of Triton roughening the shaken waves.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its first sense is to make rough or uneven, as Ovid's waves.^(OLD 2012) In medicine it is to make sore or irritate: Celsus has the skin roughened by tiny pustules and the throat made raw, and Quintilian a voice roughened by a sore throat.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Silius Italicus uses it of sharpening a sword on a stone.^(OLD 2012) It also means to make worse, as Celsus' illness that flares up again,^(OLD 2012) and, of people, to provoke and incense, as Livy's Ligurians who were to be calmed after being provoked.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder appears to use it once in the opposite sense, of palm fruit that soothes a cough.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note it is not found before Augustus.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Stelten gives "provoke, embitter" for Church Latin.^(Stelten 1995) The English [[m|en|exasperate]] comes from its participle.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid of roughened waves.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of provoked Ligurians.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of irritated skin and a worsened illness.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 25–101 AD – Silius Italicus of whetting a sword.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 1530s – [[m|en|exasperate]] appears in English.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make [[m|en|rough]] or uneven;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) ''(medicine)'' to make sore, [[m|en|irritate]]; to roughen (the voice).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To sharpen, [[m|en|whet]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|aggravate]], make worse.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|exasperate]], provoke, incense.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(medicine)'' To free from roughness, soothe.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[exasperātiō]]

+ * [[exasperātrīx]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[asper]]

+ * [[asperō]]

+ * [[en|exasperate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}