probrosus Latin · revision 33889

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=ine-pro *bʰr-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [prɔˈbroː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [proˈbrɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''probrōsus''' (feminine probrōsa, neuter probrōsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|probrum|-ōsus|t1=disgrace, reproach]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan explains [[m|la|probrum]] as an old adjective ⟨*pro-fro-⟩, from [[itc-pro|*pro-fr-o-]] and the root [[ine-pro|*bʰr-|t=to bring]], meaning "what is brought up against someone" as a reproach.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it in the speech for Fonteius of a disgraceful charge.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means bringing disgrace, shameful: Horace calls Carthage great, raised higher by the shameful ruin of Italy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of persons it is disreputable: Suetonius' Domitian took away from disreputable women the right to use litters, and Tacitus speaks of a man disgraceful in his life and covered with infamy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also means abusive, as Seneca's insults and abusive words, to be borne like the shouting of an enemy.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder has the comparative, Tertullian and others the superlative.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of a disgraceful charge.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace of Italy's shameful ruin.^(OLD 2012)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of abusive words.^(OLD 2012)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius of disreputable women.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Bringing reproach, [[m|en|shameful]], [[m|en|disgraceful]], [[m|en|ignominious]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of persons)'' Disreputable, infamous.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Abusive, [[m|en|opprobrious]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[probrositas]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[probrum]]

+ * [[opprobrium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}