squaleo Latin · revision 33775

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la squālus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈskʷaː.ɫe.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈskʷaː.le.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''squāleō''' (present infinitive squālēre, perfect active squāluī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|squālus|-eō|t1=filthy]].^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary connects it with [[m|la|squālor|t=dirt, roughness]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds no etymology for the adjective; because of its initial ⟨squ-⟩ it is probably not an inherited word.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and the OLD find it first in Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) where a character in the ''Persa'' complains that his household goods and his house lie squalid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic idea is roughness: Virgil has rough shells, the scaly back of a lizard, and armour stiff with gold.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From this it is to be caked with dirt, unkempt, as a filthy beard in Virgil and Dido's unkempt hair in Ovid.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero uses it only of mourning in squalid clothes: the city was in mourning dress by public decree.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of land it is to lie waste or barren, as Virgil's fields left untilled when the farmers are taken away;^(OLD 2012) Tacitus and Lucan have desert shores and fields.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gellius applies it to a dry, barren style of speech.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note that it is mostly poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of a squalid house.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of a city in mourning.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil, of a scaly lizard, a filthy beard and fields lying waste.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca, of a day darkened with ash.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Gellius, of a barren style.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be covered with a rough or scaly layer; to be stiff with something.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be caked with dirt, [[m|en|unkempt]], [[m|en|squalid]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To wear the squalid dress of [[m|en|mourning]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of clouds or daylight, to be dark or murky.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Of land, to lie waste, be [[m|en|barren]];^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) of style, to be arid.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[squalentia]]

+ * [[squālidus]]

+ * [[squālor]]

+ * [[squālēs]]

+ * [[squālitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[squālefacio]]

+ * [[squālidē]]

+ * [[squāliditās]]

+ * [[squālitūdō]]

+ * [[squālus]]

+ * [[squāma]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}