perfodio Latin · revision 33709

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *bʰodʰ-i-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pɛrˈfɔ.di.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [perˈfɔː.di.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perfodiō''' (present infinitive perfodere, perfect active perfōdī, supine perfossum); third (-iō variant) conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the perfect ''perfodīvī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+ Later texts have fourth-conjugation forms, such as the Itala's infinitive ''perfodīrī''.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|per-|fodiō|t2=to dig]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) De Vaan traces [[m|la|fodiō]] to [[itc-pro|*foþ-i-]] and [[ine-pro|*bʰodʰ-i-|t=to poke, dig]];^(de Vaan 2008) cognate with [[hit|padda-|t=to dig]] and [[lt|bèsti|t=to stick, dig]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has it first, in the ''Miles gloriosus'': “in that room I dug through the wall”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to make a hole through a wall: Cicero taunts a man with having dug through walls in his youth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is to dig a channel through: Cicero has Athos dug through, Livy a mountain dug through to make a road to the citadel and a strait cut by hand, and Pliny the Elder the Pillars of Hercules dug through to let in the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of weapons it is to pierce or stab: Virgil has a cuirass pierced in twelve places, and Tacitus a pierced throat.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also to dig into: Columella breaks hard ground with heavy rakes, and Petronius has teeth picked with a silver quill.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Pliny the Elder has a fish that bores holes in ships and sinks them.^(Georges 1913) In the Vulgate it is to break into a house, of a thief.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin has “dig through, break open”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of digging through a wall.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of housebreaking and of Athos dug through.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil, of a pierced cuirass.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate, of breaking into a house.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make a hole through (a wall); to break into (a house).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To dig a [[m|en|channel]] through; to make (a passage) by digging.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|pierce]], [[m|en|stab]], [[m|en|perforate]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To dig into; to pick (the teeth).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[imperfossus]]

+ * [[perfossio]]

+ * [[perfossor]]

+ * [[perfossō]]

+ * [[perfossūra]]

+ * [[perfossus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[affodiō]]

+ * [[circumfodiō]]

+ * [[confodiō]]

+ * [[dēfodiō]]

+ * [[effodiō]]

+ * [[fodiō]]

+ * [[infodiō]]

+ * [[interfodiō]]

+ * [[praefodiō]]

+ * [[suffodiō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}