tumultuosus Latin · revision 33685

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la tumultus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [tʊ.mʊɫ.tuˈoː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [tu.mul.tuˈɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tumultuōsus''' (feminine tumultuōsa, neuter tumultuōsum, comparative tumultuōsior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|tumultus|-ōsus|t1=commotion, uproar]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) De Vaan thinks that the meaning of [[m|la|tumultus]] points to [[m|la|tumeō|t=to swell]], although its formation is unclear; he traces that verb to [[itc-pro|*tum-ē-]] and [[ine-pro|*tum-eh₁-|t=to be swelling]].^(de Vaan 2008) He compares [[lt|tumė́ti|t=to become thick]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) in whom someone asks who has called him out of doors with such a noisy din, ''tam tumultuoso sonitu''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means full of commotion or uproar, disturbed and noisy:^(OLD 2012) Cicero speaks of a seditious and turbulent life and of stormy public meetings, and Quintilian of a tumultuous delivery.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of people and countries it is unruly or turbulent, as in Livy's reproach of men “turbulent in peace, sluggish in war”, and it is also used of storms and other natural forces.^(OLD 2012) In Livy a report can be ''tumultuosus'', received with wild alarm, as when horsemen rush in with the news that the Volsci are coming.^(OLD 2012) English [[m|en|tumultuous]] (1540s) came from it through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of a noisy din.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of a turbulent life and stormy assemblies.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of turbulent people and alarming news.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1540s – Borrowed into English as [[m|en|tumultuous]], through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Full of commotion or [[m|en|uproar]], noisy, [[m|en|tumultuous]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Etymonline)

+ # Unruly, [[m|en|turbulent]], restless;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) of weather, stormy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Of news, causing or received with wild [[m|en|alarm]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tumultus]]

+ * [[tumultuor]]

+ * [[tumeō]]

+ * [[en|tumultuous]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}