castigatio Latin · revision 33662

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [kas.tiːˈɡaː.ti.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [kas.tiˈɡat.t͡si.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''castīgātiō''' ''f'' (genitive castīgātiōnis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|castīgō|-tiō|t1=to correct, punish]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary derives [[m|la|castīgō]] from an unattested noun ⟨*castis⟩ “purity”, related to [[m|la|castus|t=chaste]], and a suffix taken from [[m|la|agō|t=to drive, do]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) whose letters to Atticus and philosophical works have it;^(TLL) he says that all punishment and reproof should be free from insult.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its usual sense is reproof or reprimand, frequent in classical prose:^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Velleius praises frequent admonition, sometimes reproof, and very rarely punishment, and Livy speaks of a silent reproof.^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL finds it often in Livy, Seneca, Pliny the Elder and Tertullian.^(TLL) It is also corporal punishment, as in Quintilian, and in the jurists always with a genitive, as ''castīgātiō fūstium'', a beating with clubs;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Apuleius has a horse whose ribs were bared to the bone by constant beating.^(OLD 2012) Pliny the Elder uses it of pruning trees and of exposing olive roots to the winter cold.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Macrobius uses it of moderating one's speech.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church Latin has it as chastisement, punishment, correction,^(Stelten 1995) and in medieval texts it is abstinence, self-restraint and chastity.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of reproof.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of a silent reproof.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder, of pruning.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian, of corporal punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Medieval Latin – Abstinence and chastity.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A reproof, [[m|en|reprimand]], correction.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|chastisement|alt=Chastisement]], corporal [[m|en|punishment]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The [[m|en|pruning]] of plants.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Abstinence, self-restraint, [[m|en|chastity]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[castīgō]]

+ * [[castus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}