calleo Latin · revision 33657

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=itc-pro *kaln/so-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkal.le.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkal.le.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''calleō''' (present infinitive callēre, perfect active calluī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+ It has no supine.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|callum|-eō|t1=hardened skin]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) perhaps through an older adjective meaning “hard”.^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan traces [[m|la|callum]] to [[itc-pro|*kaln/so-|t=hard]] and compares [[sga|calath|t=hard]] and [[cy|caled|t=hard]], but finds its Indo-European origin uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008) Nonius explained the verb as meaning “knows”, from [[m|la|calliditās|t=shrewdness]], and also from callousness.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Plautus,^(de Vaan 2008) who has ribs calloused with blows, ''plagis costae callent''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its literal sense, to be hard or calloused, is rare;^(Lewis & Short 1879) Plautus plays on both senses, being more “hardened” than boar's hide.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is to be callous or insensible: Servius Sulpicius writes to Cicero that a mind practised in such misfortunes should by now be hardened.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) More often it means to be practised or skilled in something, as in Accius' question whether someone is skilled in craft and deceit.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Transitively it is to know by experience: Plautus has “how thoroughly he knows everything!”, Pacuvius “they know how to fear their masters' orders”, and Terence “I know how that is usually done”.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin has it as to be hardened, know by experience, understand.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of calloused ribs and of knowing.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius, “know how to”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence, with an object clause.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius, “skilled in”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be hard, [[m|en|callous]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) of the mind, to be hardened, unfeeling.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be practised or [[m|en|skilled]] (in).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To know by experience, understand; to know how to.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[callidus]]

+ * [[calliscō]]

+ * [[callēns]]

+ * [[callenter]]

+ * [[concallēscō]]

+ * [[percalleō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[callum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}