incurvo Latin · revision 33552

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la curvus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋˈkʊr.woː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈkur.vo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''incurvō''' (present infinitive incurvāre, perfect active incurvāvī, supine incurvātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|incurvus|-ō|t1=bent, crooked]];^(OLD 2012) the TLL derives it from [[m|la|in-]] and [[m|la|curvus|t=curved]] or [[m|la|curvō|t=to bend]].^(TLL) De Vaan calls the origin of [[m|la|curvus]] uncertain, reconstructing [[itc-pro|*ku/orwo-]], and finds the best comparison in [[sga|corr|t=hooked]] and perhaps [[grc|κυρτός|tr=kurtós|t=curved]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it from Cicero on.^(TLL) In ''De finibus'' he speaks of a staff bent and crooked on purpose, ''bacillum inflexum et incurvatum de industria''.^(OLD 2012) Lewis & Short note that Cicero has it only once, as a participle, and that it is otherwise poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to bend or curve what is normally straight: Catullus has oars bent in the sea, Virgil bows bent with strength, and Pliny the Elder timbers bending under a load.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Reflexive or passive, it is used of coasts and the rainbow that curve round, as in Mela and Seneca.^(OLD 2012) It is also to bow down or make stoop: Calpurnius has winter bending the grove, and Seneca a body bent with its gaze on the ground.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it is to bow in spirit or crush, as Seneca says that a great mind is not bowed by injury, and in Persius to sway someone's mind.^(OLD 2012) Medieval writers also use it of modulating a sound and of oppressing.^(MLW) It survives in [[pro|encorbar]] and [[es|encorvar]].^(TLL)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of a staff bent on purpose.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil, of bending bows.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca, of a mind bowed by injury.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|bend]], make crooked, [[m|en|curve]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive or passive)'' Of coasts and the like: to extend in a curve.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make stoop, [[m|en|bow]] down.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To bow down in spirit, crush; to sway the mind.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To [[m|en|modulate]] (a sound); to oppress.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[curvus]]

+ * [[incurvus]]

+ * [[curvō]]

+ * [[incurvēscō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}