exosus Latin · revision 33550

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=70–19 BC, Virgil|origins=ine-pro *h3e-h3(o)d-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛkˈsoː.sʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzɔː.s̬us]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exōsus''' (feminine exōsa, neuter exōsum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|ōsus|t2=having hated]], with the participle ⟨ōsus⟩ of [[m|la|ōdī|t=to hate]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary takes the prefix as an intensifier and notes that, unlike [[m|la|perōsus]], it has no finite verb beside it.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces that verb to [[itc-pro|*ōd-]] and the perfect [[ine-pro|*h3e-h3(o)d-|t=to hate]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Virgil;^(Köbler 2010) in the ''Aeneid'' we read ''si nondum exosus ad unum Troianos'', “if you do not yet hate the Trojans to the last man”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Latin it is active and takes an accusative: hating thoroughly, detesting.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Virgil has it of battles and wars, Ovid of the earth, and in post-Augustan prose Curtius has someone who detests the customs of his country and Florus someone who hates arms.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) Lewis & Short call it poetic and post-Augustan.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Late Latin also uses it with a genitive, as Boethius' ''vitae huius exosa'', weary of this life.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ In post-classical Latin it also became passive, hated, odious:^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Eutropius has someone hated by all for his crimes, Macrobius those hated by the gods, and Ammianus uses it several times.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) The Vulgate has ''exosum habere'', to hold in hatred.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Church and medieval Latin know it as detested, hateful.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil, of hating the Trojans, battles and wars.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid, of hating the earth.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 370 AD – Eutropius, in the passive sense “hated”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 390 AD – Ammianus Marcellinus, in the passive sense.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Hating thoroughly, [[m|en|detesting]], [[m|en|abhorring]] (with an accusative, later a genitive).^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' Hated, [[m|en|odious]], detested.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ōsus]]

+ * [[perōsus]]

+ * [[ōdī]]

+ * [[odiōsus]]

+ * [[odium]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}