strangulo Latin · revision 33477

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero's correspondence|origins=grc στραγγαλάω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈstraŋ.ɡʊ.ɫoː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈstraŋ.ɡu.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''strangulō''' (present infinitive strangulāre, perfect active strangulāvī, supine strangulātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|στραγγαλάω|tr=strangaláō|t=to choke, strangle]],^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Etymonline) a verb formed from [[m|grc|στραγγάλη|tr=strangálē|t=halter]].^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary) Varro already listed it among the Latin words thought to come from Greek, deriving it from the Greek verb.^(Varro|6.115)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first quotation in the OLD is in a letter of Caelius to Cicero, of someone who took money from the opposing faction, seized Domitius ''et strangulāvit'', “and strangled him”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cicero himself uses the phrase ''Ille patrem strangulāvit'', “he strangled his father”, as an example of words that need no apology.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is to throttle or strangle a person or animal, with a noose or the hands;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tacitus has it of a woman strangled with a noose, and Pliny the Younger of a man strangled in prison.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It widened to suffocating and choking in general: Celsus says obese people are choked by difficult breathing, and Pliny the Elder has frogs drowned in oil.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Farmers and naturalists use it of plants: ivy sucks trees dry and strangles them, and a tie must not strangle a vine's trunk.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) It was also applied to constricting passages and stifling the voice (Quintilian),^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) to a toga drawn too tight,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and figuratively to torment: Ovid has a pent-up grief that strangles him, and Seneca pleasures that embrace us in order to strangle us.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Ecclesiastical Latin kept the sense “strangle”.^(Stelten 1995) English ''strangle'' came from it in about 1300 through Old French ''estrangler''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro derives it from Greek.^(Varro|6.115)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – In a letter of Caelius to Cicero, and in Cicero's own letters.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of a tie strangling a vine.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it of a choked voice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English borrows ''strangle'' through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|strangle]], [[m|en|throttle]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of plants, to choke their growth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|suffocate]], stifle, smother; in the passive, to choke.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To [[m|en|constrict]] a passage or opening; to stifle a sound or the voice.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To keep a tight hold of, shut up close.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Figuratively, to [[m|en|torment]] or torture.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[astrangulō]]

+ * [[destrangulo]]

+ * [[praestrangulō]]

+ * [[strangulabilis]]

+ * [[strangulātiō]]

+ * [[strangulator]]

+ * [[strangulatrix]]

+ * [[strangulātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[suffōcō]]

+ * [[en|strangle]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}