paenula Latin · revision 33462

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=grc φαινόλη}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpae̯.nʊ.ɫa]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpɛː.nu.la]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''paenula''' ''f'' (genitive paenulae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also spelt ''pēnula''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|φαινόλη|tr=phainólē|t=cloak]];^(Wiktionary) the OLD and Köbler give the Greek form as ⟨phainólēs⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The TLL notes that it is closest to a Doric form in ⟨-a⟩ used by Rhinthon of Syracuse, and that the lack of aspiration in Latin shows it was borrowed early.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL records it in poetry from Plautus on,^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) who has ''lībertās paenulast tergō tuō'', “freedom is a cloak for your back”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was a close-fitting, hooded woollen cloak, worn on journeys and in the city in rainy weather;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) the TLL finds it mostly in everyday language,^(TLL) in Lucilius and Pomponius and in the prose of Cicero, Vitruvius and Seneca.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012) Cicero has the proverb ''paenulam scindere'', “to tear someone's cloak”, of pressing someone to stay,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Tacitus says that orators wore it.^(Lewis & Short 1879) By extension it is a cover or protection,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Vitruvius uses it of the hood of a water pump.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It appears in the Second Epistle to Timothy in the Vulgate,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and in Ecclesiastical Latin it means a chasuble.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it figuratively.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius mentions a cloak.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in speeches and letters.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of part of a pump.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – It appears in the Vulgate.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A close-fitting hooded [[m|en|cloak]] of weatherproof material, worn for travel or rain.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A covering, [[m|en|cover]], protection.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A cowl on a water pump.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|moulding]] on a portico, perhaps a hood mould.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' A [[m|en|chasuble]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[paenulārius]]

+ * [[paenulātus]]

+ * [[paenulum]]

+ * [[paenuleus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Paenula'' was also a Roman surname.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis & Short compare the cloaks ''laena'' and ''lacerna''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}