petulanter Latin · revision 33459

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la petō}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''petulanter''' (comparative petulantius, superlative petulantissimē)^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|petulāns|-ter|t1=insolent, aggressive]].^(OLD 2012) The OLD compares [[m|la|petulāns]] with [[m|la|petō|t=to make for, attack]] and [[m|la|petulcus|t=butting]],^(OLD 2012) and Wiktionary derives it, through an unattested verb ⟨*petulō⟩, from the same verb.^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists the adjective among the derivatives of that verb, which he traces to a root meaning “to fly”, explaining the shift as “fly up towards” > “make for, try to get”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it first in Cicero;^(Köbler 2010) Conte also cites the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''.^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means with impudent aggressiveness, insolently, rudely or wilfully.^(OLD 2012) Cicero speaks of living ''petulanter'', of attacking someone ''petulanter'' in words, and has the comparative and superlative;^(Georges 1913) Tacitus writes of a man who had spent his youth ''petulanter'', wildly.^(Conte 2010) Augustine pairs it with ''procāciter'', of insulting someone.^(Georges 1913) In Ecclesiastical Latin it is glossed wantonly, boldly.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of insolent living and speech.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of a wild youth.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 354–430 AD – Augustine has ''petulanter et procāciter insultāre''.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # With impudent [[m|en|aggressiveness]], [[m|en|insolently]], rudely, [[m|en|wanton|alt=wantonly]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[petulāns]]

+ * [[petulantia]]

+ * [[petō]]

+ * [[en|petulant]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}